A mysterious group of microbes may be controlling the fate of carbon in the dark depths of the worlds oceans. Nitrospinae bacteria, which use the nitrogen compound. How To Get Detox Bacteria Out Of My Body 100 Pure Forskolin Side Effects How To Get Detox Bacteria Out Of My Body Price Of Forskolin At Walmart Pure Forskolin. Does Probiotic Yogurt Really Affect Digestion NPRReporting in Science Translational Medicine, researchers write that the bacteria in yogurt affect peoples digestionbut not by repopulating gut flora. Microbiologist Jeffrey Gordon talks about these findings and the future of using bacteria as therapy for digestive disorders such as diarrhea. JOHN DANKOSKY, HOST This is SCIENCE FRIDAY. Im John Dankosky. Next up, our microbial hour continues, but this time with some friendly bacteria, like the ones in yogurt. Now, Ive always thought that eating yogurt was good for my gut because it lets those good bacteria set up shop, warding off the bad guys by out populating them. At least thats what I thought. Well, maybe not, because my next guest has found that yogurt bacteria dont actually re colonize your gut, but they do alter whats going on down there as you digest your food. That research appears in the journal Science Translational Medicine. Talking Bacteria Game' title='Talking Bacteria Game' />When we touch objects, our hands are contaminated by bacteria on the surfaces of the objects. Its very important to wash hands regularly to prevent infections. Purple/v4/47/6a/f7/476af728-df8c-b706-d2ec-f8574d5fb884/screen1024x1024.jpeg' alt='Talking Bacteria Game' title='Talking Bacteria Game' />How important are these bacteria to our digestion Might certain strains help us get more nutrients from what we eat If you have questions, 1 8. TALK. Joining me now is Jeffrey Gordon, a professor of pathology and immunology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. Hes also director of the schools Center for Genome Sciences. Welcome to SCIENCE FRIDAY, Dr. VLYVIP7pnHM/hqdefault.jpg' alt='Talking Bacteria Game' title='Talking Bacteria Game' />But as for Sony itself Greenberg said, Were talking to Sony. We do partner with them on Minecraft and of course wed like to enable them to be part of that. The remedy for cataracts involves surgery, which carries a risk of blindness. Will it be possible to devise a nonsurgical cure Talking Diabetic Meter The 3 Step Trick that Reverses Diabetes Permanently in As Little as 11 Days. TALKING DIABETIC METER The REAL cause of. Gordon. JEFFREY GORDON Thank you for having me. DANKOSKY So you first studied yogurt bacteria in mice. Euro Truck Simulator 2 100 Save Game Pc. How did you do that GORDON Well, lets have a few definitions to begin with. Yogurt refers to a product obtained from fermentation of milk by cultures of bacteria. Common bacteria in yogurts are streptococcus thermophilus and, another one with a bigger name, lactobacillus. We wanted to understand the effects of yogurt strains, as you said, on both the structure and the operations of our gut microbes, and we set up an experiment with two arms. On the one hand, we had mice that were raised under sterile condition. Theyre called germ free mice. In a particular stage of their life, we introduced a collection of 1. By the way, their genomes were completely sequenced, so we knew all the genes in this model community of our human gut bacteria. And we studied these mice for a time, looking at the operations of this community, and then assessed the impact of introducing the bacterial strains that are present in a popular, commercially available fermented milk product. At the same time, we were studying a group of adult, healthy identical twins. And we followed them for a period of time, sampling their gut communities, and then administered the same commercially available product and looked at the impact of consuming that product over time, and then had them all stop consuming the product and looked to see whether the live bacterial strains associated with the product disappeared in a predictable way. DANKOSKY Oh, so. GORDON So that was the setup. DANKOSKY Thats the setup. What else did you find GORDON Well, we found in both the mice and in the humans that consumption of these live bacteria didnt really disrupt the representation of preexisting bacteria in the guts of humans or mice. It didnt affect the representation of genes. Rather, it affected the way these communities operated, specifically the pattern of expression of microbial genes involved in certain aspects of metabolism, most notably the metabolism of complex sugars, polysaccharides. And what we saw in mice we also saw in humans, which gave us encouragement because we felt that, in this field, where lots of claims are made about the health benefits of probiotics, its very important to be able to establish a rigorous testing scheme, where we could, under very controlled conditions, look at the impact of these strains on gut communities, take the lessons learned from these models and then apply it in an informed and directed way to humans. DANKOSKY Just so we understand, when I eat a little bit of yogurt, the bugs that are in the yogurt, the microbes that are in there, are just a tiny, tiny fraction of how many microbes are in my gut. Maybe you can explain the scale here. GORDON Absolutely. So a typical helping of yogurt will have a few billion bacteria. Now, of course thats a large number. But consider for a moment the fact that our human guts are home to tens and tens of trillions of microbes, largely bacteria. So, really, its a small fraction of the population. And what we noted in mice and what we noted in humans shouldnt be surprising. We dosed the mice at a level thats equivalent to the dosing in humans, and there wasnt a change in the overall architecture, the structure, of these communities. Rather, through processes that we dont fully understand, there was a form of communication between the yogurt strains and the normal resident bacteria in the gut. And that communication resulted in a change in the properties of the gut communities notably, it affected the way these communities processed polysaccharides. Why is that importantWell, polysaccharides, which are common components of our diet, are molecules, large molecules that have complex chemical linkages. We dont have the dining utensils necessary to break down these polysaccharides on our own. Rather, we depend upon our gut bacteria to mobilize these utensils theyre actually enzymes to break down polysaccharides in ways that are useable to us and to them. So we see. DANKOSKY And what are the polysaccharides were breaking down again GORDON Well, in this particular case, the change involved a series of polysaccharides that are common ingredients of our foods. Ill give you their names. Xylans, these are present in fruits and vegetables, milk, honey, wheat. Pectins, theyre prominent in apples, plums, oranges, carrots. They are the jelling agent used in jams and jellies. And the other type of polysaccharide, again, common in our diet can be classified as fructans. Theyre present in wheat, barley, garlic, onion, asparagus. And again, these are normal components of our diets. These are components that we depend upon our gut microbes to break down. And the introduction of these yogurt strains appeared to improve the capacity to break down these components of our diet. They not only appeared at the level of gene expression, but we actually measured the products of digestion in these mouse models, and they were very informative. They confirmed what we saw at the level of gene expression and told us that, yes, in fact, a small number of bacteria ingested can affect the properties of a gut community. DANKOSKY But yeah. GORDON Of course, once the twins stopped consuming yogurt, the strains in the yogurt rapidly cleared from the system. DANKOSKY Yeah. So how long do the effects last And how quickly do they get clearedGORDON Well, in all cases, within about two weeks, the bacterial strains that were contained in this fermented milk product fell to below the limits of detection in each of the seven sets of twins that we studied. DANKOSKY So to get any gut benefit here, does it matter how much yogurt I eat Is there a minimum effective dose to actually do what youre getting at here GORDON There probably is some variations in the amount of bacteria from the ingested yogurt that are present in your gut at the time youre consuming it. We really dont know the question of dosing. Count And Noncount Nouns Pdf. We really dont know the effect of the diets of the people who are consuming the yogurt on the effects of the yogurt strains in digestion of other types of food in our diets. Bacteria on the Skin and Why We Should Wash Our Hands. Hygiene is very important to prevent the spread of disease. Many of us are well protected by our immune system, but we still need to be careful in high risk situations. The bodys defensive mechanisms may need some help under these conditions. This is a good reason for maintaining a healthy immune system. Since bacteria are too small for us to see or identify, we never know if something that we touched was contaminated by harmful organisms. Our bodies can usually deal with small numbers of these creatures. In some situations there are likely to be large numbers of potentially dangerous bacteria present, however. The most important hygiene procedures are to wash the hands before and after certain activities. We should wash our hands before handling food, before eating, before applying a cosmetic or a first aid treatment to the skin and before putting contact lenses in the eyes. We should also wash our hands after the following activities. Another helpful step to reduce infection is to get out of the habit of touching our nose, mouth, or eyes during the day, unless this is necessary. Its also a good idea to increase the amount of hand washing when a bacterial infection or an infection by a fungus or a virus is spreading through our community or home.